1802 Ships Log - Discovery of Port Phillip

Introduction

On 12th November 1801 , the Lady Nelson under the command of Lt. Murray, sailed out of Port Jackson to fill in the remaining blanks in the map along the northern coast line of Bass Strait . He surveyed the Kent Group of Island on 20th November and left on 5th December. Bad weather detained the ship in Western Port until 5th January 1802 when Murray set sail along the coast westwards.

At 3pm Murray saw…. "a Headland bearing W.N.W. distant about twelve miles and an opening in the land that had the appearance of a Harbour N.W. ten or twelve miles. Bore away for this last, it having the appearance of fine steady weather although the wind now blowing was dead on the whole of the shore. Yet I knew that she would work off in case we were deceived. Accordingly kept standing down for this entrance which every minute, from its appearance, made us shure it was a good harbour.

At 5 P.M. saw a small island in the entrance and observed that between it and the main lay a Reef in appearance. On seeing this we bore away and perceived the sea broke short. Heaved the lead and found only 10 fathoms water!... With the wind blowing dead on this shore and fresh I was obliged to haul off under press of sail to clear the land but with determination to overhaul it by and by, as no doubt it has a channel into it, and is apparently a fine Harbour of large extent."

Battling gale force westerly winds and very rough seas the ship struggled to hold it position for the next 2 days until Murray decided to head for King Island . On 10th January…. "saw the loom of the land from the mast head which I take to be Governor King Island ". On 11th January the Lady Nelson anchored in Elephant Bay , King Island . While waiting for more favourable weather Murray explored the eastern coast line of King Island . On 27th January 1802 Murray set sail for Cape Albany .

The Extracts from the Log continue the story.

Wednesday, January 27th

"From noon till 8 P.M.(1) variable winds, hot sultry weather, dull fiery sky and so thick that we could not see above a mile ahead; kept making for Cape Albany (Otway). At 8 short sail and hove to........ at 4 A.M. the wind settled into a westerly gale attended with heavy squalls and rain.

By 9 A.M. it turned into a clear gale and a very high sea up which makes us labour a good deal. Had altitude longitude by then 143º 13' 40", these agree with the dead reckoning within 3 or 4 miles. Latitude 39º 12' 33" . This weather has again rendered abortive my plan of getting the direct line of bearing and distance between Cape Farewell and Cape Albany (Otway). I shall only observe that I never experienced such length of bad weather at any time of year or in any country since I sailed the seas. At noon wore to the S.W. and did so to N. at 8pm . At the same hour next morning (29th) tacked to the S.W. … A.M. Had altitude for time-keeper, one set giving longitude 144º 28‘ 45" (2nd set 144º 25‘ 00") these differ from Dead reckoning twenty miles; therefore an easterly current must run if chronometer speaks truth. At noon gales increasing with surprising heavy squalls, hail and rain."

Saturday, January 30th

"At 4 P.M. tacked to the N.W. in order to keep hold of the land till more favourable weather came. At 8 P.M. again tacked; hazy cloudy weather. At 12 P.M. again tacked, and stood in for the land all night. At half-past 5 am the Land bearing N.N.W. to N.E. distant about six or seven leagues. Tacked to the S.W. At 8 am . The body of this Land bore N.W., distant about eight or nine leagues. At half past 9 A.M. had altitudes for chronometer, 1st set giving Longitude 144º 12' 15" [and 2nd set 144º 18' 30"]. At this time the Northern point of Land bore North, distance twelve miles, and is North Eastern extreams(sic) N.E. by N. fourteen miles. Made sail in for it with Top-gallant sails, Royals and all our small sails. At 10 A.M. perceived with surprise that it was Cape Shanks and Grant's Point instead of Cape Albany . I now judged it prudent to send our boat down to overhaul for a channel into the harbour mentioned in the Log of the 5th of this month, accordingly stood in for it and by noon Cape Shanks bore N.W. distant 6 or 7 miles and Grant's Point N.E. by E 10 or 11 miles. We had a very heavy swell and perceived the surf about Seal Islands breaking in a fearful manner; sounded every hour. The very bad weather has again prevented me at this time from overhauling this Cape or tracing the adjoining coast."

Sunday, January 31st

"At 2 P.M. passed Seal Island . Observed the long range of breakers on the western side of the Port: several of them had shifted their berths nearer to mid channel....
The whole of them for several miles broke incessantly and remarkable lofty - we passed within 2 miles of them. The reefs on the eastern side also broke much further out. In short the mid channel up this port has (by the immense run of bad weather) been made narrower. By 5 P.M. got to anchor in Elizabeth 's Cove..... out boats. Got the launch ready for sailing in the morning to explore the channel of the western harbour before mentioned. I went on shore in the gig. Found the well as we left it full of fine clear water and our board of directions hanging at the entrance of the pathway. At 4 A.M. I sent the launch with Mr Bowen and 5 men armed with 14 days' provisions and water down to the westward giving him particular instructions how to act both with respect to the harbour and natives should he fall in with any, the substance of which was that in finding a channel into the Port he would take marks proper for coming in with the vessel and immediately return to me and at all times to deal friendly with the natives. It may now be proper to observe that my intentions are that if a passage into that harbour is found I will take the vessel down into it and survey it as speedily as circumstances will allow, from that trace the coast to Cape Albany, from Cape Albany run strait to Cape Farewell and Harbinger Rocks, and if time, after that follow up the remainder of my orders."

Monday, February 1st

"A.M. I walked along the beach for 8 miles up to Lady Nelson 's Point and observed that a great variety of birds were in the brush and their notes very different; flights of white cockatoos of perhaps 100 were often seen. At Lady Nelson 's Point we saw 20 or 30 swans in the salt-water lagoon. One and all of the birds we have seen were so shy that we did not shoot one (a single pigeon excepted). The trees also were all in bloom. I am apt to think that summer does not begin in this part till January. On penetrating further into this island the soil was found to be good."

Tuesday, February 2nd

"P.M. I sent a hand on shore to the well in order to see if any birds were to be got by his sitting there a few hours steady as numbers towards sundown came in to drink. The plan had the desired effect, 4 pigeons were shot, a dozen of parrots; these latter were common, I dined on them, the pigeons were preserved. On opening them all were found to feed on seeds of various kinds."
"Wednesday, February 3rd.
P.M. As I was walking along the pathway to the well I nearly trod on a snake about 6 feet long, the first we have seen on the island. It made its way into the brush."

Thursday, February 4th

"Throughout these 24 hours we have had calms with hot sickly weather and thick fiery haze.
At half-past 9 P.M. the launch returned on board, all well. Mr Bowen reported that a good channel was found into this new harbour, water from 10 fathoms to 6 and about a mile and a half broad, and according to his accounts it is "a most noble sheet of water" larger even than Western Port, with many fine coves and entrances in it and the appearance and probability of rivers, a number of shells were found on its beaches - swans, pelicans and birds of various sorts were seen in great numbers. The boat's crew lived on swans all the time they were away. No water was as yet found - the officer having no time to spare, nor no natives seen but numbers of their huts, in short from such a report as I have received and of the truth of which I have no doubt (as the attention and care of this officer has always been conspicuous) it would be unpardonable in me not to give this new harbour a strict overhaul, in the meantime as it was calm and no appearance of getting out, at 8 A.M. hove up and towed the vessel up to Lady Nelson 's Point in order to send the boat up the river for birds such plenty of various kinds being on this island. At noon dropped our anchor in 6 fathoms, Lady Nelson 's Point bearing W. by S. half a mile and Crown Head 9 miles N.E. by E. and Margaret Island N.E. by N. 7 or 8 miles - moored with kedge."

Friday, February 5th

"Variable flaws of wind all round the compass this last 24 hours and hot sultry weather. Employed overhauling our bread which we found in good order. A.M. Sent the launch with the First Mate and 4 hands armed up the river to try and shoot some birds, it ought to be observed that the past two or three days we were here numbers of native fires were seen on the coast and up both arms, since then they have disappeared."

Monday, February 8th

"At 3 P.M. the launch returned, all well, having got a live swan, some dead ones and 4 crowned parrots, a single duck was shot. No fresh water was to be got even at dead low water and up as far as the boat could be pushed between the boughs of the fallen trees. At A.M. took up our kedge, weighed our anchor, made sail for Elizabeth's Cove and at half-past 6 A.M. came to anchor... sent empty cask on shore to complete our water - also a party to cut wood, we filled our casks from this excellent spring. Longitude by chron. 145º 13' 53"."

Tuesday, February 9th

"Calm weather, constant thick fiery haze, very close and sultry. By 3 P.M. secured everything for sea intending to sail in the morning, took a haul of our seine, caught one whiting only and two remarkable curious fish."

Wednesday, February 10th

"P.M. Sighted our Bower anchor suspecting it to be foul, found it so. Having found a quantity of oysters, mussels and shellfish at low water to-day gave the shore a strict search at low water and plainly perceived that a company of 6 or 8 men would not run any hazard of being starved here for several months from the vast quantity of shellfish to be found. We also have these some days past found feeding on seaweed many hundreds of a very handsome shell very scarce where we were in April last."

Thursday, February 11th

"This evening a snake 6 feet long was killed in the road to the well."

Friday, February 12th.

"A.M. Hoisted in launch, took up kedge intending to sail if wind came to anything, it however kept constantly falling calm and then a light air would spring up for a few minutes; this kind of weather obliged me to keep fast. At noon heard distant thunder around us."

Saturday, February 13th

"From 7 PM till 10 PM constant loud thunder, vivid lightning and very hard rain later part, till 9 A.M. was calm then. A breeze sprung up at E. Hove up our B.1 and hung by the kedge, by this time it fell calm and our hopes of getting to sea vanished, needless to observe this kind of weather is as destructive to the intent of this cruise as gales at sea. I took a walk along the beach far enough to see all the entrances to this port and by ascending an eminence was confirmed in my opinion that several of those dangerous sand rollers had shifted their berths and by so doing had rendered the channel narrower than hithertofore."

Sunday, February 14th

"At 7 P.M. a breeze sprung up E. S.E. with drizzling rain; it continued all night, and at 4 A.M. (Monday 15th) we took up Kedge in gig, loosed sails, and hove short. At 5 A.M. weighed and made all sail down the port. By 8 A.M. Grant 's Point bore E. by N. distant 10 miles and Cape Shanks N.W. distant 7 miles; kept running down the land. A.M. At half-past 10 South Head of the new Harbour or Port N. by E. 8 miles distant; by noon the island at entrance of harbour bore N. half a mile distant. At this time we had a view of this part of the spacious harbour, its entrance is wide enough to work any vessel in, but, in 10 fathoms. Bar stretches itself a good way across, and, with a strong tide out and wind in, the ripple is such as to cause a stranger to suspect rock or shoals ahead. We carried in with us water from 14 to 16 fathoms. Kept standing up the port with all sail set."

Monday, February 15th

"Fresh winds from S.E. to South, and hazy Weather throughout. Working up, the port with a very strong ebb against us we however gained ground. The southern shore of this noble harbour is bold high land in general and not clothed as all the land at Western Point is with thick brush but with stout trees of various kinds and in some places falls nothing short, in beauty and appearance, of Greenwich Park . Away to the eastward at the distance of 20 miles the land is mountainous, in particular there is one very high mountain which in the meantime I named Arthur's Seat from its resemblance to a mountain of that name a few miles from Edinburgh . To the N. E. by N., about 5 miles from the south shore lies a cluster of small Rocky Islands , and all round them a shoal of sand. Plenty of swans and pelicans were found on them when the boat was down, from which I named them Swan Isles. To the N.E. by E. there is an opening, and from our masthead no land could be seen in it. The northern shores are low with a sandy beach all along. At half-past 3 P.M. we got to anchor in a Sandy Cove in 7 fathoms water, bottom fine sand – Swan Isles bearing N.E. by N. distance 5 miles. A bold rocky point which I named Point Paterson E.S.E. 1½ mile; a long sandy point named Point Palmer, west 1½ miles; and the nearest point of the shore S.W. quarter of a mile distant."

"Handed sails &c, out boats and I went on shore and walked through the woods a couple of miles. The ground was hard and pleasant to walk on, the trees are at a good distance from each other and no brush intercepts you; the soil is good as far as we may be judges. I saw several native huts and very lately they have burnt off several hundred acres of ground. Young grass we found springing up over all the ground we walked; the only birds we saw were a few parrots; we found some shells on the beach and returned on board. I have named this harbour Port King(2) in honour of Governor, P. G. King under whose orders I act. Set a third watch of the people with an officer. In the morning sent the gig to Swan Isles for swans and on board we caught a few Rock fish. At noon the gig returned with 3 live and 4 dead swans."

Tuesday, February 16th

"After dinner I took a walk through the woods of this part of the country, attended by one soldier and our carpenter to examine the wood. To describe this part I walked through is simply to say that it nearly resembles a walk on Blackheath and the Park if we set out of question the houses and gardens of the latter. The hills and valleys rise and fall with inexpressible elegance. We discovered no water nor any new wood of consequence, but it is impossible that a great want of water can be here from the number of native huts and fires we fell in with in our march. From the top of a high hill I ascended and casting my eyes to the N.E. a large sheet of water was seen which I am inclined to think is either a harbour or large river; we also perceived that this port trained away under Cape Shanks."
"On our return to the boat Andrew Luck found a perfect nautilus shell; he made me a present of it, indeed it is but common justice to observe that the invariable good, attentive and decent behaviour of this old man ever since he joined this vessel renders him a fit object of mercy. This day a few snappers were caught and some rock fish. At sundown a native fire was seen about a mile inland, in the morning early I sent Mr Bowen and Bond armed to speak them, neither fell in with them. At 9 A.M. hove up our Bower with a light air at N.E. and dropped a few miles further up the Port. We now saw the same fire just lighted by the natives and presently perceived several of them come out of the Bush, but the moment they saw the vessel they sprang into the wood out of sight. At 11 A.M. we came to an anchor in 5 fathoms water, handed sails, etc., as there was a native fire burning a little way inland."

"I sent the launch with Mr Bowen and 4 hands armed to see if any natives were here, and before the boat was half-way on shore we had the satisfaction of seeing 18 or 20 men and boys come out of the wood and seat themselves down on a green bank waiting the approach of our boat with which I had sent some shirts and other trifles to give them; the boat accordingly landed in the midst of them and a friendly intercourse took place with dancing on both sides - in an hour the boat returned. Mr Bowen had dressed them in our white shirts and invited them on board, this however they declined, but exchanged for all this. Got a basket of straw neatly enough made. They were all clothed in the skins of opossums and each had a bundle of spears, a stone mogo and one basket. They wished much to know what our arms were and their use and did not seem entirely to believe Mr Bowen that they were only walking sticks - no women were amongst them. I sent the boat again with some bread, looking-glasses, tomahawk and a picture as presents to induce them to part with their weapons and dresses as also to inform us where there was water. This day all hands put upon two-thirds allowance of bread."

Wednesday, February 17th

"Fresh light airs inclinable to calm throughout this 24 hours. The boat (as mentioned in latter part of yesterday's log) proceeded to the shore and was as before received in a friendly manner by the natives, all of whom were seated in a circle on a beautiful spot of grass near a high point of land. Mr Bowen and all the crew consisting of 5 men and the boy, Mr Brabyn, went up with their dinners in their hands and sat down in the midst of them (18 in number) and began to eat showing the natives how to eat bread, etc., and gave them anything they chose to ask for. Mr Bowen gave them all the things I had sent as well as several of his own things - stripping himself almost naked to comply with their wishes, and his example was followed by the whole of the boat's crew. As there was two fine-looking boys amongst them I sent Mr Brabyn on shore purposely to see and gain their confidence by his attention to their youngsters, both of whom he dressed in his shirts, handkerchiefs, trowsers, etc."

"All matters continued in this state while our people had anything to give and all we got was a spears, a basket and a mogo and even these they again took from the seamen that had them in keeping, this however the officer took no offence at being determined if at all possible to keep on friendly terms with them. It was in vain that the officer and crew tryed by signs too significant not to be understood to gain intelligence where water was to be found or on what beaches shells were most plentiful, to all such enquiries they turned a deaf ear and only seemed intent on getting what our people had even to the last shirt; by this time our people had nearly finished their dinners and Isaac Moss having the boat in charge got up and was walking slowly down to her. At this time the Boy Brabyn happened to turn his head towards the wood and saw a man in the very act of throwing a spear at Moss as well as a large body (not before seen) behind a large fallen tree with their spears all in readiness for throwing. The boy immediately cried out to Mr Bowen who was at that very time in the act of serving out bread to all the party he was sitting among that he would be speared, but before the words were out of his mouth, a spear of a most dangerous kind, was thrown at and did not escape Moss by a yard and in an instant the whole of the treacherous body that Mr Bowen and 4 of our people were sitting in the midst of opened out to the right and left and at once left them all open to the party in ambush who immediately were on their feet and began to throw spears; still such was the forbearance of the officer that only one piece was fired over their beads but this was found only to create a small panic, and our party were obliged to teach them by fatal experience the effect of our walking sticks."

"The first fire made them run and one received two balls between his shoulders, still some of them made a stop to heave; the second fire they all set off with astonishing speed and most likely one received a mortal wound. Before another piece was fired Mr Bowen laid hold of one of their number and held on till three of our people came up and also grappled him, strange to tell he made such violent struggles as to get away from them all nor did the contents of the officer's piece bring him up although one ball passed through his arm and the other in the side - he was traced a good distance by his blood - the remaining pieces were by this time fired and our party gave chase to them all."

"On board I kept a strict look-out with the glass and we lay only a little more than a quarter of a mile off the point where they were seated on. I plainly saw the natives running through the wood which was by no means thick - one fellow in particular had been dressed in one of my white shirts and the officer had tyed the wrists of it with string, which hindered his getting it off - him we plainly saw from the vessel pass the roots of black trees with such speed as more to resemble a large white bird flying than a man. To increase their panic as they passed along I gave them a discharge of our guns loaded with round and grape but am almost certain that they did them no damage; by this time our people returned from the chase, having found on the way back a number of spears, dresses and baskets, etc. Made the boat signal and they came off."

"Thus did this treachery and unprovoked attack meet with its just punishment and at the same time taught us a useful lesson to be more cautious in future. With respect to the size of these natives they are much the same as at Sydney , their understanding better though, for they easily made out our signs when it answered their purposes or inclination. When it did not they could be dull enough. They were all clothed in opossum skins and in each basket a certain quantity of gum was found. Not the least sign of a canoe has been seen. I conclude they live entirely inland, and if we may judge from the number of their fires and other marks this part of the country is not thin of inhabitants. Their spears are of various kinds and all of them more dangerous than any I have yet seen. The workmanship of their dresses, their lines and baskets are far from despicable, their mogo or stone axes are such as common at Sydney ."
"In the afternoon the boat went to Swan Isles and caught three live swans of a large size, and in the morning the launch went with Mr Power and a party well armed to sound for a channel round which the vessel might sail in order to survey the port. Usefully employed on board. Lat. 38º 20' S."

Thursday, February 18th

"Pleasant weather throughout. The launch returned having been fortunate enough to discover fresh water and a channel all round this part of the Port from 10 to 14 fathoms. I took a long range through the woods attended with an armed party. We discovered nothing new but found several of the things we gave the natives which in their fright they had dropped. The ground we walked over was open and the same as before described, with good soil. The tide where we lie flows full and changes at 3 hours in the afternoon, and its perpendicular rise is about 6 feet up and down."

Friday, February 19th

"Calm, Do Weather. This day another overhaul of the woods took place but nothing (not before mentioned) was found. Numbers of native tracks, fires and huts were seen. As usual sent the launch to Swan isles, and she got three live ones. Observed that to-day the surf on the sea shore broke with great noise, and also for the first time observed a Sand Roller bearing N.E. by E. of us, and distant three miles; and from the mast head to W. N. W. at eight or nine miles distance, several breakers where seen. Employed as necessary scoured decks and cleaned below. Ends in Hot Sultry Weather, but clear. One native fire in sight on Arthur's Seat distant about 10 miles."

Saturday, February 20th

"Light airs inclined to be calm, and fine weather throughout. Variously employed. Sent an armed party and our carpenter a long range through the woods to try the different kinds of wood. None however was found of use, the trees being almost invariably oak and other wood quite common at Sydney . A red waistcoat of Mr Brabyn's was found with some bread in each pocket, in this he had dressed one of the native boys, who in his fear left it I fancy, as soon as he had found how to get it off, for it was buttoned on him. A.M. sent the launch for Swans. I have observed that breakers mentioned in Yesterdays Log disappeared in the afternoon, as also the roaring of the outside surf took off about midnight , and this morning about 9 A.M. we were visited by the tale of a Smoaky S. W. gale. Which, however, by noon came to nothing. Querey, if there has not a Gale from the S.W. been blowing a little distance off - ends fine weather."

Sunday, February 21st

"S. W. Winds and Mid good Weather throughout. P.M. the launch returned on board with five swans. PM Punished Thos. Smith with two dozen lashes for being drunk thirty six hours on a stretch and behaving insolence to both officers. Bond, the soldier, also had a quart and half pint of Spirits stole from him. A.M. Finding we could not move higher up the port with the vessel I sent the launch over the western side to examine the passage into a harbour or river I saw from the hill on 16th inst. Usefully employed. Sent Boat to fish. Ends in Fresh Breezes at S.W. and Clear Weather."

Monday, February 22nd

"Gloomy weather and Fresh winds at S.W. throughout. The small boat caught a few Rock Fish and returned on board. At noon the launch returned, having found an entrance into the sheet of water they were sent to overhaul, but only at high water, 7 or 8 feet of it, consequently no harbour for shipping. The boat proceeded a mile and a half, and, in running that, caught 10 swans of a large size without wasting one charge of shot, which bye-the-bye is now become a scarce article, not above 3 or 4 lbs. being in the vessel; however from the report made of this place it may lead to something of more consequence. I shall after the survey of the Port is completed give it a good overhaul. I must mention here that both our boats are now in such a state of decay from age and constant mending and patching that they both keep a hand constantly bailing when pulling or sailing, this circumstance it is needless to mention in a certain degree retards our proceedings."

Tuesday, February 23rd

"Gloomy Weather and moderate Winds at S.W. P.M. I went in the launch and sounded a few miles of the Port up towards the watering place. The soundings were 9 feet to 6 fathoms, bottom fine sand, further out perhaps a deeper channel may exist (this will be ascertained in the survey). Afterwards we walked through the country some distance, found the soi1 invariably good, the ground almost clear and the ranges of trees as regular as they are in general in Parks, with fine strong short grass under foot. Employed as necessary. Ends in light airs and close hazy weather."

Wednesday, February 24th

"First part of these 24 hours had a great deal of thunder and lightning and rain, middle and latter parts it blew a hard gale at S.W. with squalls at intervals. We held on although all ataunto with the small bower and one - third of a cable out, a proof of the goodness of the holding ground. Employed as necessary. Cut a boat load of wood. Expended two decayed scrubbing brushes and one Rudder Iron broke in launch."

Thursday, February 25th

"First part the gale continued. Mid and latter fresh winds at S.E. and clear. Occasionally employed. Observed several very large native fires at the foot of Arthur's Seat and on the western side of the port, hauled our seine several times along the shore nearest us but caught no fish owing probably to there being flats of sand lying off them to the distance of 200 yards. The freshness of the wind hindered our getting a Base Line by two latitudes to-day. Got distance of the sun and moon nearest limbs. Ends in fresh winds at S.E. and clear."

Friday, February 26th

"Examined the beach and land for about 8 miles. A.M. Sent our long boat on shore, turned her up and set our carpenter to work on her, she leaking so much as to keep a hand constantly bailing, and our small boat is so bad as to render it hazardous to go any distance from the vessel in her."

Saturday, February 27th

"Fine weather and moderate winds. Both boats sounding and on survey of harbour. A number of very large native fires on the hills round the eastern and western shores of the Port have been seen these two days past. Sent Mr Bowen and Mr Brabyn in the gig to get the Latitude of the north end of Swan Isles and at noon I got the Latitude of a point about 7 miles North and South of them from which a base line was got for the survey of the harbour."

Sunday, February 28th

"Do Winds and weather. Employed as needful. Gave some of the people liberty on shore."

Monday, March 1st

"Fine weather and moderate winds. Occasionally employed. At 5 A.M. took up our kedge, hove short, loosed sails and sheeted home the top-sails, weighed and made sail up the port. intending to run as high as the watering place. The wind in a little time flied away and the tide ran so rapid as to sweep the vessel on a shoal of sand with only 5 feet of water on it, as it was perfectly smooth we immediately hove her off without her sustaining the least damage and dropped back into our old berth between Point Paterson and Bowen's Point so named from Mr Bowen's skirmish with the natives in it. The flies are now so troublesome as to almost hinder a person from sitting a moment in one place."

Tuesday, March 2nd

"Calm pleasant weather throughout. Employed getting on board stones for ballast and stowing them away. At 4 A.M. sent the longboat for a turn of water and to sound that part of the harbour between the vessel and it; by noon she returned on board with a turn of water, it was found that a bank of sand lay from shore to the distance of a mile or a mile and a quarter with only, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 feet on it at low water and it extends nearly 4 miles along shore. When you have passed this there is from 5 to 9 fathoms water abreast of the watering place, there is however little doubt of a deep channel being outside of this shoal, and this point will be ascertained in the course of to-morrow."

Thursday, March 4th

"P.M. Gloomy weather and moderate winds throughout. Employed as necessary. P.M. The launch returned on board with a turn of water but had not been able to find a channel for vessel of any draught of water though she stood well out from the shore to at best three miles. This bank has only from four to eight feet water on it and in many places is not above a hundred yards broad. Then immediately you fall into seven, eight and nine fathoms and carry such water up abreast of the Watering place; it is very probable that at a good distance from the shore there exists a Channel of deep water round the edge of this sand bank and this point shall not be left undetermined. A. M. again sent the long boat for water and to sound. Ends in gloomy weather and drizzling rain."

Friday, March 5th

"First and Mid parts hazy dull weather, and now and then drizling rain; latterly the weather cleared up. P.M. the launch returned with a load of water. Employed getting it on board and stowing it away. A. M. I went in the launch in search of a channel by which vessels of a larger draught than ours might be got up abreast of the watering place and was fortunate enough to find one a mile at least in breadth lying off the southern shores of this Port about three or three and a half miles and having from ten to sixteen fathoms water in at low water and neap tides; and in this water a vessel of any draught may be secure from all winds. At about a mile and a half from the spring at which to-day I loaded the boat with water and examined it. As far as we are judges it is most excellent water as clear as cristal lies from the beach about ten or a dozen yards and plenty of it to water the Grand Fleet of England; it is nearer the entrance than the foot of Arthur's Seat by about two miles, and can easily be found out by the land which for a few miles before you come to it is low, whereas all the other land on both sides is high with bold points; if a boat then East or E. by S. from Point Paterson 9 miles puts into the shore they will not be far off it. There is plenty of ducks about it, but so shy that only two have been shot, a circumstance we did not a little regret as they exceed in flavour any I ever eat. We are now complete in water and will soon be wooded. In the morning, weather in the way. I intend going over the sheet of water mentioned in the Log on Monday, the 22nd February, in order to see what it contains."

Saturday, March 6th

"Fine weather throughout. Wind variable to S.W. Employed on board fitting new waist-cloths, the others being decayed and her sides and bends being very bare I gave them a coat of red (the only colour we had on board) and blacked the bends and upper works. A.M. I went in the launch over to the sheet of water' (as I intended) with an armed boat's crew and by noon got to its entrance. This day has been so clear that we are able to see the land all round the Port and in many places very high headlands. In those low places, where we could not be certain of the land by the eye there were numerous native fires and some of them very large."

Sunday, March 7th

"Fine weather throughout. Winds from S.W. to N.W. to N.E.. Employed as necessary. By one P.M. I got into the sheet of water and by pulling all round it found it to be very extensive but, in few places more than six feet water and the greatest part of it so shoal as to ground the boat; in the entrance at one place there is a small channel of about 50 or 60 feet in breadth with nine feet to 2½ fathoms water in, but of no use as it shoals to a couple of feet before you get in the soil of the land. All round the extensive place is good and its appearance exceeds in beauty even the southern shores. The number of large swans seen almost exceeds belief, but by this time most of them could fly, we caught eleven – ten of which were large. All of us slept this night on a pleasant little island with a few handsome trees on it, soil good and so clear as to be fit for the hoe at once. I named it Maria Isle after a sister I lost some years past. A.M. we had another chase after swans, and returned on board. Ends in pleasant fine weather."

Monday, March 8th

"First and Mid parts stiff gale at S. W., latter more moderate with clear weather. Necessarily employed as we now intended sailing in a few days. I judged it consistent with His Majesty's instructions (a copy of which I was furnished with from the Governor and Commander-in-Chief of New South Wales) to take possession of this port in the form and manner laid down by the said instructions, and accordingly at 8 o'clock in the morning the United Colours of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were hoisted on board and on Point Paterson, and at one o'clock under a discharge of 3 volleys of small arms and artillery the Port was taken possession of in the name of his Sacred Majesty George the Third of Great Britain and Ireland, King, etc., etc. Served double allowance of grog. In the afternoon I went on shore attended with an armed party and passed the remainder of the day about and under the colours flying on shore, at sundown hauled down the colours on board and ashore."

Tuesday, March 9th

"Hazy weather and moderate winds at S. W. throughout. Employed getting ready for sea. Overhauled our keels fore and aft, cleaned them. We have now expended 19 weeks and one day's provisions out of 24 weeks. We were victualled for commencing on 27th October 1801 and owing to the quantity of bread decayed, along with what the swans and other birds have eaten, we are rather short, even what we have left is very bad, therefore it will not be in my power at this time to prosecute the object of our cruise much further. It is in vain I regret so little being done in such a length of time, the weather and other circumstances have been rather against us the whole cruise, however the little that is performed of the original instructions is pretty accurate and I trust will give the Commander-in-Chief some satisfaction."

Wednesday, March 10th

"Fresh winds from S. W. to S. E. and hazy cold weather throughout. Occasionally employed making ready for sea. Sent party to overhaul the beach and woods. P.M. got the distance of sun and moon nearest limbs. For these last two or three days great numbers of native fires have been seen all round the Port except between Arthur's Seat and Point Palmer. Draft of water aft 5 feet 9 inches, - Forward 4 feet 10 inches."

Thursday, March 11th

"First and Mid parts moderate winds at S.E. with hazy weather, latterly a light breeze at N.E. and from that to E.S.E. Employed securing everything for sea. At 4 am hoisted in the launch after picking up our Kedge, sent top gallant yards aloft, hove short and loos'd sails. At 7 weighed and made sail down the port by 8 A.M. with a strong tide of ebb running out we got into the entrance carrying all the way from 9 to 16 fathoms water, we then fell into such a ripple that we expected every minute it would break on board, having now from 10 to 7 and 8 fathoms water, we however got clear and by half-past nine am. the point of entrance bore N.E. by E. 3 or 4 miles and a remarkably high nob of land (if not an island) .N.W. 4 or 5 miles. By noon the entrance N.E. by N. 9 or 10 miles. As at the last change the tide flowed at half past 1 pm . And on the full at 3 hours it is probable that the Long Shoals that lye from the shore cause this difference, the Longitude is nearly 145º 00' 00" East. This is by two Lunars and its corresponding situation to Elizabeth Cove, but there may be an error of 10 or 15 miles in the calculation. Latitude observed 38º 26' 00"."

Wednesday, March 24th

"Fine weather though inclined to calm. At half-past 3 P.M. South Head bore S.S.W. the North distant 4 or 5 miles. At 4 P.M. passed Bradley's Head, at 6 passed Garden Island and by half-past 6 P.M. came to an anchor in Sydney Cove with the best bower, moored with the kedge. The Commander waited on His Excellency the Governor and Commander-in-Chief."